Sarah Richards
@ContentDesignLNContentDesignLN on Twitter
Founder of the content design movement, Sarah pioneered the standards during her 10-year career with the UK government. As head of content design for the Government Digital Service (GDS), Sarah created and implemented the content strategy for the GOV.UK website.
After leaving GDS, Sarah took her knowledge and wrote the respected and highly popular Content Design – a book for anyone creating user-centred content. She also launched Content Design London to provide training and consultation in content strategy and content design for governments, charities and organisations in the UK and worldwide.
Sarah is also a respected and in-demand speaker and shares her expertise to audiences at conferences, meet-ups and events globally.
Accessibility is Usability
Some organisations see accessibility as a tick-box exercise; a 'problem' that can be 'fixed' with code. But not all impairments are so easy to 'fix'. Not all accessibility considerations are because of an impairment.
Sarah Richards will tell us how she sees accessible content, how it can affect usability and she'll share some techniques to try with tricky stakeholders.
Hello. Right, today we are going to see if the clicker works - yes, it does. Today we are going to talk about accessibility is usability, usability is accessibility and if you have one, you do not have the other. So, if your sight isn't accessible, it is simply not usable, in my not so humble opinion. Only then - oh, hello, stop, giving spoilers! Only then are we going to end up with an inclusive world that quite frankly we all deserve. A net on the kind of language I'm going to use, I am not going to use that, because it is ain't working. There is some discussion about whether we should use the term disabled people or people with disabilities. Now Scope, which is an organisation, a charity who works with disabled people tell us we should use that term. The reason for that is that often the impairments doesn't disable people. Our design choices disable people. So, for a concrete example, then. If you were a wheelchair user and you had money, and there was a shop and they had a thing that you wanted, you could go and you could buy it, right? But if there is no ramp, you can't get into the shop. It's not you, it's not you, it is not any of your impairments that is stopping you, it is a lack of design that is stopping you, I will be using disabled people throughout the presentation. Having a look at what disabilities themselves are, then. If you have seen this, it is a Microsoft inclusivity kit. It is very good. Quite comprehensive. Over this session today I'm going to show you how just, with your content alone, you will be able to open up everything that you and your organisation are saying to that whole spectrum of people. OK. So when we think of disabilities, we often think about the permanent ones, right and their physical and they are present and visible to you. So we will be looking at the permanent, kind of - perhaps you only have one arm. We will also look at the temporary stuff, so, for example, with a lot of people, if they have a short-term injury, they will find workarounds, but they may not know about all the things that their devices can do for them because they won't access it. It is like - you know what in three weeks’ time this thing is gone and I will do it later and they have minor workarounds and you have situational. If any of you are parents you know you only have access to both arms 50% of the time, right, when your kid is asleep. Generally, when that happens you will often put the task away until later. We will have a look at the entire spectrum today. There are over 13 million disabled, registered disabled people in the UK right now. Nearly 1 million of them have a learning disability in England here alone. Now that really impacts how they get to your content. So, we are not just talking about kind of physical things that people first leap to when they think about accessibility and usability. 10% of children aged 15 or younger have a mental disorder. For a lot of brands and organisations, they will say - that's in the me, right. 15-year-olds are not buying insurance, 15-year-olds are not buying cars. That is lovely but you know these people are going to grow up, right and you know that we all talk to each other and we kind of get recommendations from each other. If you are in university, of course this is your target market, because people start making decisions far before the actual crux of their decision-making point where they absolutely have to make it. Various things have happened before. And we will go through that today. Now, I know you are all lovely fluffy people, right but let's say you work in a mercenary environment. As a point, 249 billion a year, in this country, is available for people with one disabled person. Now if you don't need that cash, that is fine, you can hand it over to me, we are all good. It is a lot of money for organisations to be ignoring because they feel that accessibility is a tick box exercise. So long as the code is all right for screen readers and the colour contrast is OK, we are all good. OK. No, £249 billion worth of no. So, we are going to start there. Generally, when I go into organisations, and I talk about the accessibility of content they will say - oh, yes, it is fine because the screen readers work. No. I will give you one example of an audience where that is not going to help. For example, profoundly deaf people. I mean those who have been deaf since birth. 8% of the deaf people, profoundly deaf communicate by British sign language alone, if they have any English at all, it is as a second language. British sign language, like all sign languages have a completely different grammatical structure, different vocabulary structure, everything. You can't get to them. So, if you tell me that your content and your website is accessible because screen readers work, you are getting rid of anybody who A, can't hear and B, don't read so well. Then, if you have heard of the krone extension, the no coffee simulator, have you seen this? Some nodding, we will go to a lovely and fabulous website - oh, it is mine. It's huge. I'm going to see if this clicker works. So, you can see this up here, that little black square with the circle. It is where it sits, it is a no coffee simulator, when you press that you end up with this dropdown. The top has sliders, the bottom has radio buttons, right. All of these are impairments. Now, the top ones you can increase the severity. That is what happens when you pull the sliders across but the radio buttons you can't. Now, this isn't 100% scientific. It is not exactly 100%, but it is an indicator and if you are starting to talk to your organisation about accessibility it is a really good tool to start opening up that conversation. So, if we were to add cataracts, there are 330,000 people with cataracts in the UK now. You can look at that and still read it, right? One, the text is massive and, two, this is for quite a niche audience. Right. This is not for your average people. So, let's look at some impairments and we are going to look at some important information. So, Brexit, right, somebody had to bring it up.
This is put out by the Government a little while ago, preparing your business for the EU exit, they cannot call it Brexit, apparently. The opening part that takes up the whole screen is an image. I want you to remember that I haven't changed the resolution, the screen size, anything, on any of the screen grabs I'm going to show you today, it is exactly the same settings all the way through.
When you do get to the information, it's pointless. This was taken a while ago, they hadn't changed it a few weeks ago, they had changed it this morning. It says the UK will leave the EU. It says your business will need to prepare for change. Brilliant. Delivering a deal negotiated with the EU remains the Government's top priority. I am bored by that point. Several reasons, one, I had to do something to get to that website. I would have had to have put something in or I followed a link. There has been some text or communication somewhere to get me to there. So, telling me that the EU, that Britain is going to leave the EU is not important. I should know this by now, right. We do run a business, we run training and everything around the world, so this is really important to me, but that says nothing. With 20‑20 vision that's pointless, it is telling me stuff that the BBC would tell me better. Let's add some pain to that. 480,000 people living with glaucoma at the moment, on the radio, buttons at the bottom, you can't increase the severity but it looks like that, so you have a narrow field of vision and then it goes grey and blurry and then it goes black on the outside. If I was looking at that, I'm a little bit annoyed, right, because it is still is not telling me how I can prepare my business for the EU exit. If I have glaucoma, not only am I annoyed, but I can't see it properly either. So, you are wasting my time and my time involves pain, my time involves uncomfortable reading. Kind of not OK. Terms and conditions, another example because we all read the terms and conditions, don't we? No. These are written in plain English, don't try to read them. They are in plain English. They have been done very well. The sentence structure is a bit long but it's a good try. This is with low acuity, and that goes across several different impairments, you still can't see it and this is terms and conditions, we all know that we should probably read them, you know that software company that said you were selling your soul to the devil, if you were clicking we really should read them and we don't, mostly because even in plain English it's boring. Gov, I haven't changed the screen settings, now can you read any of that? It's a completely different experience. This is well written. It is well written. This is content design with accessibility in mind. This is where we start to open up that space, use our headings, use our vocabulary and language and don't get in the way of people. There's an old advertising adage that says you have got five seconds to get my attention, you've got five minutes to get my attention and 11 to keep it. Now I think you've got three and five. Valuing time, time is the most precious thing we have to give and organizations sometimes don't do that quite right. With that in mind, another function of accessibility and usability is to get the information to the people at the time that they need it. On the channel that they are on. So what happens is, when you think of something, depending on which academic study you read, it's seven to nine or seven to 12 unconscious points before you can make a conscious decision. No‑one wakes up and thinks I have thought of something brand new; it doesn't happen. All your sub conscious is working for you all the time. Then you decide, that you are going to go looking for something. Then your words pop up. Your language processing centre for anybody who doesn't have a lesion or some sort of problem when they were a child will be on the back left of the brain, the neurons start jumping up and down, my word, my word is coming, it is like a party in your head all the time. You think of those words and they either come out of your fingers or out of your mouth. When you search then you have to go through the swathe of search results. There's quite a lot of noise at the moment about how much we trust things. You are starting to make decisions at that stage. Because you've got loads of preconceptions and loads of belief that were attached to those seven to nine, seven to 12 unconscious points before you even get to this, before you get to a single web page, you are making a lot of assumptions and bringing a lot of baggage with you. There's quite a lot of noise about these snippets, so we know in government the most people want just one number. So, if you are on child tax credits and it changes each year, all you need is the number and then you disappear. There is a lot of noise at the moment, oh, traffic, Google does this and then we won't have any traffic, my answer to that is that traffic alone is a vanity metric. If you just have traffic you can have 50 billion people, click bait, for example, 50 billion people and they don't remember you and they don't know who you are and they will never go back to you, they don't become your brand champions, you are just the thing, that probably slightly annoys them and then they leave. Do you want that, or do you want 13 people who are really engaging with you and become your brand champions and recognise and recommend people to go to you and to engage with you and do it that way. What do you want? If you want just 50 billion likes, awesome, but your content strategy should understand that and know that all you are doing is chasing an empty number. When it comes to accessibility, news ability, those snippets are great. Imagine you have arthritis; imagine you have any kind of pain in your hands. Clicking and scrolling is massively painful. If we know from research that people just want one number or want a number and then go and do something else later on, just give them the thing and move out of the way. It's actually just less painful. How many of you have heard of the ice bucket challenge? Hands up. How many of you have done it? OK. Can you put your hands up, please don't shout out, but put your hands up if you know what charity it was that did the ice bucket challenge?
Look around you, how many hands were up a minute ago and how many are up now. Can you tell me the presenting symptoms, that charity, I can't do this without giving it away, the presenter symptoms for the thing the charity was trying to highlight? Now look around you. One that I can see, sorry, the light, a couple. Ice bucket challenge $194 million that grossed in the first few months it was running. It was for ALS and it’s motor‑neurone disease. If that campaign was to make money, brilliant, $194 million is not to be sniffed at. If that campaign, and I don't know because I don't work for them, if that campaign was to highlight ALS or highlight the presenter symptoms then it's not quite so successful one in ten people in the UK did the ice bucket challenge and didn't send anybody any money. I don't know why they like pouring water on their head but OK. What we would say is that if you are going to have some search results strategy, don't do it for SEO, don't do it for likes or this kind of vanity thing, you can't play the SEO game, we can't keep playing it. You know at the beginning, not we people were putting white text on white backgrounds, doesn't work, gets you blacklisted. Google has over 200 variables to its ranking al‑Go rhythm. Google engineers, I don't know, probably have to sign a contract that thick so they don't tell everybody all the secrets. They will tell us what we need to know. We do the thing. Use all the SEO tools but do it for the content, do it for the people. You can't game a system if you don't know what the system is. So we would say have your search results strategy to minimise pain and pain can be anything, pain could also be, I don't have enough money for data. I don't have enough time for this. It doesn't need to be a physical pain. We would generally say have a strategy to help people. In fact, have a strategy. Loads of organisations don't even have search results strategy for their content. Just have one. So the second rule for this is kind of if you help people, people will come back to you and they will remember you. It's just how we work. Moving on, it's kind of content will only work where your audience is. So an example of this is this is a press release, it's from GovUK, a while ago, it was about the A14 bridge. If you don't drive down the A14 and you are not near the A14 you are probably not remotely interested A14, not sure if you know but you can spin GovUK pages which is why I use them a lot in presentations because it gives you their metrics and some organisations are not happy about showing their metrics. Just draw your attention to the fact that it says it in the past six weeks so these change regularly, if you are going to go and start having a look around, just bear in mind it's six weeks. Zero, this was up at the time I took the screen grab at the time and there are no people going here. Funny that. Other places might have been more useful, like social media, like your local paper, a lot of people say local papers get it from press releases. No, they don't, I can tell you they don't. What they get it from is phone calls generally and good relationships with journalists at least in this instance. Having your information on the right channel is both an accessibility and a use de need. Another example is a speech, if you want to check out what your politicians were saying, maybe a year ago, to see if they are lying air arses off now, just saying, you can see all the speeches on GovUK as well. This is one about passenger assist, so if you do have a physical disability or impairment, you can go, for example, to a train station and they will make sure there is a ramp ready for you at the right time, those sorts of things. Again, zero, this was taken at the time that it went up. But it's kind of a shame. Because this says that 71% of eligible people, so 71% of people disabled people or people with impairments have no idea that scheme exists. And he goes on to say that getting people to the right place at the right time and communicating information down the line, this is the bread and butter of any rail company. I would say making sure the rail companies do it would be the bread and butter of any government, but I could be wrong there. I tried to find you a good example of where this is on the internet at the time this was going up. And I couldn't find one. Because it's in the wrong place. This is quite the speech, this is actually very important, and it went nowhere. There was just nothing. Finding it at the right time is great and it's a start, but then we move on to structure formats and language. Everything starts here, yes, unless you are sent a link or doing a voice interaction, so we start here and we understand the edges of what we are going to get. This should be telling you clearly about whether you are going to be going to the right place or not. Then you want the edges and this is important for both accessibility and for usability. We used to have a problem in government in 2008, where government was just publishing everything, they were shoving everything out for transparency, don't know what that is, but still they were shoving everything out. What happened was, people trusted the BBC before they trusted government. Because the BBC would give them the edges. If you have to keep looking over and over and over and over again for information, you get to a point where you are like, have I got it all. No. Oh, I will keep going and you end up not trusting anything in the background. By having your design at the edges of content, then people start to trust it more and they will start to slow down a bit more. Your first kind of 11-15 words on the page, really important, particularly thinking about access needs, am I on the right page? Am I going to get what I need? That is what you need to sort out in the first three to five seconds. Humans are extremely lazy, right. It actually takes fewer eye muscles to look down than it does across. You know the F-shape pattern, you have all seen it. We all do this, this bit is orientation, am I going to get what I want? Your brain goes - lazy, can we go down the page and see, and you look down the left-hand side. It is how we work. Headings are important. For accessibility because screen readers can zip down them and give a story about what is on the page and for people who can see, then, again, they can skip down and see everything that is on the page. So usability also helps with some search engine ranking, apparently. But, generally, it is just for you to be able to get the gist of the page. Right. All your headings should tell a story. When we do courses, we take all the content out, we get people to sketch out content and put the headings with no other content. If we cannot work out what that page is going to do and what I'm going to get from that, then they have to go back and do it again. Sometimes people are making decisions on content from the headings alone. Headings are hugely important. I would suggest you use them. Another example will be a video then. Captions and transcripts so anyone, who can read, so approximate if people can't hear and they can't hear it and they can't read it, you are hiding your best content in an inaccessible format. If you are going to use videos, make sure you are using them for the right reason. So for accessibility you need to do it for anybody who does have a hearing impairment who can read, so they can still access your content. From a usability perspective, same thing, not having headphones on a bus, you still want to access that content, it is an access need, right. Having captions is really great. Having transcripts, obviously you will need that for search engine, also because they can't crawl videos at the moment. Also, everybody in this country, not everybody but most people in this country with an average school education who can read, you can read faster than most people can speak. So, unless you are talking to Eminem or something, people might decide that they want to speed up and if they do that they will go for your transcript. Both usability and accessibility. My favourite, favourite argument in all the world is jargon. From an accessibility point of view, you can alienate people and push them away from content purely by using terms that are difficult to understand. It doesn't mean to say you can't use them. It just means explain them the first time you use it on a page. It is not difficult. From a usability perspective it is exactly the same, right. You can see where this is going, for every accessibility thing there is a usability thing, it is the same thing. So, I'm going to give you an example of this - if I was to say to you: Cheesy bobs can be a menace but they are essentially harmless. How many know what a cheesy bob is? Anyone?
>>: Yes.
SARAH: Do you come from Surrey?
>>: No.
SARAH: If you don't like bugs or insects or anything look down now, I will tell you when you can look up. This is a cheesy bob, it is a woodlouse, basically. It is a wood louse. You can look up if you were looking down. I come from Guildford, a small town in Surrey. We call them cheesy bobs. There is a town that is like 20 miles away and they have never heard of this. I was 34 before I didn't know that was called a cheesy bob. The guy in front of me is laughing his arse off - we are not together... Any more! Laugh at me.
That is jargon. That is technical. The thing is, I never questioned it. One, I don't talk about cheesy bobs to be very often to be brutally honest, they don't come into conversation very often. It is a I think this, why would I question them that? I have been calling them cheesy bobs since I was four, it is the thing with technical and special specialist language, we understand it and don't question it, good content people questions it, jargon, idioms, any of that, don't use them, anybody who is not used to them won't understand. A lot of people say, my audience is entirely specialist, they all understand my content. What I would say to you is - I'm really sorry you are in an industry that is dying. Are you telling me you have got nobody new for you? Are you telling me that you can't share your knowledge with just interesting people? People who are interested in what you are doing? I have got kids; my boy has been into marine biology since I was that high. He was looking up all sorts of stuff, we have the world in our pockets. People are interested. Do you really want to alienate them because of your specialist language? Generally, that is an architecture problem, it is not a page group. You can do summaries and pull people in and then you can give specialist knowledge as well. Usability and accessibility. For anybody reading in a second language, including BSL users, you can trip up any time you use jargon and they are particularly difficult for people who are further along the autism spectrum. You are alienating people purely by using technical language. You might say to me - Sarah this is lovely but my organisation loves a bit of jargon. Right because this happens all the time. We are here for you. It is a shameless plug. We have a readability guideline, it is an open wiki, which we would like all of you to get involved with. It is a global project to pull together evidence and data for all style decisions we are making again and again and again that actually are speech and usability and be accessibility. There is no need for us to be having these conversations any more. Everything is evidenced. If you want to join in, please do, we have over 600 people around the world lurking, generally, most lurk, only about 13 people speak but, still, you can get involved and then you can have lots of data and he have. So, some of our readability guidelines, then. They say, clear language will help everybody. For example, people in a hurry. There is this whole thing and it drives me bananas about clear language being dumbing down. Have you heard this? And being for "thick" people which I find massively offensive. It is not the case. Most of it is time. We have a problem with time now. We don't have time for you to get things wrong for us. We need to get what we need, even if it is watching funny cat videos. You want a video where the cat is funny. You don't want a cat just sitting there. It is not funny. So I'm not talking about big, massive things, I'm talking about tiny things. With cognitive impairment, Jacob Neilson said you reduce it by 11% every 100 extra words you put in a page. That isn't much if the worst thing you have to worry about is doing the coffee run, and are you going to get the order right, 11% isn't much? But if you are looking after elderly parents and your kids and you have a job and trying to hold your family together, you maybe don't have very much and maybe you only have 11%, so add this stuff to people with impairments, disabled people and people who are stressed and have no time, it alienates people. For motor impairments, if you have funky and funny navigation, that is great, as long as your brand can handle it. And as long as you don't care whether people who are going to get lost are going to feel pain while they are doing it. Now there are loads of really good accessibility kits you can buy, but if your organisation kind of won't stump up the cash for that, to give an example of this, you can buy two pairs of gloves, one medium, one large, sew them together up here, not all the way through, just on one side and up here. And fill it with beans you have in beanbags or rice or lentils, something, whatever, to make it a bit hard to move the glove and say - go on then, now I'm going to give you a phone and you need to pick out that little button. And now you need to pick out, because we have used funny and amusing whatever text, and you don't know where you are going, you are going to have to go backwards and forwards several times. Do it with those gloves on, and when they go - that's hard I'll take it on, go, no, pop those on for another hour and then have a chat. It is a way of getting around it. From the visual impairment section, short sentences. Really useful. If you can only see that much and everything else is blurry, you take in information with your peripheral vision basically. Jason Santa Mariyah did a good article about this, I don't have time to go into it today. But you have this thing where you jump along your text, if you have it as short sentences, you can take it more information in one go. It is more useful. I would say, generally, if people want to add, whatever it is you are saying, even if it is funny cat videos or probate, they want to add it to their own context. Nobody just wants to marvel at your language, unless you are an author or a designer or whatever and that is kind of what you are showing, nobody wants to do that. They want to look at something and feel something or do something about your content. So, they just want to add it to their own context. But you don't have for boring. There is loads of this kind of conversation - if you do everything in clear, structured language and plain English and stuff, you take the creativity out of everything. It is complete... Rubbish! I was going to swear but I have words on there.
But I will say three words to you, put three words on the screen and I want you to put up your hand if you know the brand I'm talking about, ready "just do it". Oh, you do? Oh, this is interesting. And such a surprise! So "just do it" is in your common vocabulary text, the average learner in this country has 5,000 terms in their primary set, 10,000 in secondary set, about 15,000 terms, that makes up to, up to 80% of your language that you use on a day-to-day basis.
That is in there. They hung a whole campaign off that. The creative that sits behind that line can change every five minutes and can be extremely creative. But it only hangs off three words. This is arguably, and people do argue about it a lot as far as I can see, this is arguably the most successful advertising campaign in the world, in history, from 1959 by an agency called DDB. About telling Volkswagen Beetles to people in America, because Americans have massive cars and they were like - this one is a bit small, what is this? They hung that whole campaign off of two words "think small". Now, some of those words down the bottom won't be in the 15,000 terms but everything around them is. It is not about individual little terms; it is about how you're communicating. Extremely creative, extremely successful, whether it is THE successful or not doesn't matter, extremely successful campaign. People come to me, saying being clear, being accessible is boring, I would push them to most of the extremely successful campaigns in the world and you will find accessible language. Fast forward to here then, 2015, there was Like a Girl campaign launched at the Superbowl, it is about how females are perceived. So, if you were to ask a little girl how a girl runs, she would go like this. And if you say to a woman how do you run... They will start running like Penelope Pitstop. It is our perception, it went viral, millions of views all over the world. Note on hashtags if you put up caps for individual words, it is easier to read. But you don't need all this formatting or funny little tricks to stand out. As a content person you can change your sentence length. It is a very simple trick. We know that people need sort of like 14 to 29 words really pushing it but you want a sentence that is kind of 14 to maybe 20-words long, to get people to make it inclusive. What you can do, is have a 20-word sentence a five-word sentence and a 20-word sentence afterwards. What happens is it absolutely breaks the rhythm you are looking for. Again, if you have kids or if you remember back to your childhood stories, when your parents read it to you, if they were reading it at the right speed and not trying to get to the end so you will go to sleep, if they were reading it properly to you, you would have a rhythm. Your brain looks for that rhythm. It wants that rhythm. And if you break that, your brain freaks out and does aggressive read and it'll go back up. Now this is great if you have one thing on a page that you really want to pull out, that you don't want to use bold, we don't use that, it makes people's eyes dance around, don't use italics, if you don't want to use that, you can break that rhythm. However, do it carefully. I would definitely only do it once on a page, probably and test T what is happening is, you are breaking that rhythm and people will stop dead for that. You need to be careful with it. But it is a good technique to use.
We know designers bang on about white space all the time. So do content people. The more white they see, the more they think it isn't going to be complicated. You have loads of headings op a page telling a story. You have shorter sentences, so it is more inclusive with people with visual impairments for people who can't be bothered to hold the front of a sentence while you get to the point and you use lots of space and lots of shapes with your bullet points, to pull the eye down a page and just make it easier for them to understand. What we would say is that struggling is not success. People spent a long time on the page. Yes, couldn't get through it, that's why. It's not good metric. When we do this, we might talk to our organizations and it's not easy to get them to move away from language that they have been using 20, 30, 40 years. I get that, but the conversation can be creaked open if you find it relevant for them. So, just in case you are in an organisation that finds some of these things difficult, I would say find a relevant pain, something that is relevant to them. If I know a client quite well, I might say "you know that ski accident you had, remember how painful that was, put that in your hands, put it hyped your eyes", if not I use migraines, I get vertigo, I my vision goes blurry, most people know somebody who has migraines and they know it's not a posh word for a headache. I would get them to feel a pain, actually understand one and say, right, imagine that wherever. Then I would put their content on a very small screen, so I have a big phone, I will pick out a small one from somebody. And if they have got the matte cover on, it rip that off, if you are not scared of being fired, if you are working with horrible people don't do that, but you can put a glare on the screen, it is amazing what that does, people will go, oh, they will move it, and you say keep at that still, because I still need you to get to your content without you doing that. Then add a distraction. Google did a study, 67% of the time on one device other on another one. When you are watching the Bake Off and tweeting about it at the same time, so is everybody else. Again, when I am in an office, it depends on how much shame or dignity you have to be brutally honest. I will go up to people's ears and say something, in their ears to just distract them a little bit, because that is how life works, for a lot of people. Not always, but for a lot of people. Then lastly, imagine that your hands hurt. Get them to put on the glasses, there's glasses as well which are really good. Get them to do those things and then say, now use your content. Now tell me why you need jargon on the page. It is always best to go to a usability lab, with disabled people, test, do the videos, share it with your organisation, it is. But a lot of organisations won't do this, they don't put value on it and won't put money into it. If you have that environment, brilliant, go, fabulous, can you please share all your results so we can all use them, but if you can't you can start to use some of these techniques. What we would say is that accessibility is far more than just colour contrast and screen readers. Just shortening up your sentences can open your content to a really wide audience and you won't lose people who are terribly ‑ they will just skip through it faster; they will be fine. You won't lose them by communicating well. What we would say is that it's not dumbing down, it's opening up. Thank you. (Applause)